Cotton, popularly called as “white gold” is a leading commercial crop grown world over for its valuable fibre.

India has become the global leading grower and largest producer of cotton. The present study was carried out to determine the factors affecting cotton production in Rajasthan. This paper based on secondary data collected over the years i.e; from 2000-01 to 2015-16. The Cobb-Douglas production function was used to the observation for the estimation of elasticities of selected variables contributing to the production of cotton in Rajasthan state, Cobb Douglas type production function was employed to assess the effects of seed, fertilizer, manure, human labour, irrigation, bullock labour and plant protection measures on cotton production. The Tornqvist Theil Index was used to compute the total output index, total input index and total factor productivity index. The results from the study have shown that fertilizer, human labour and irrigation water were positively significant while the variable corresponding to plant protection measures was negatively significantly affecting the cotton production. TFP in cotton (3.80%) despite a 90.22 per cent share in the total cotton output of the state. The real cost of production of cotton decreased by 2.10 per cent per annum.